AMA Resolution: 516 (A-09)

Footnotes

1 US Department of Transportation, Phase II of ENV project, Chapter 3: Discomfort and Disability Glare Study,

2005

2 Schieber, F, Kline, DW, Kline,TJB, Fozard, JL (1992). Contrast Sensitivity and the visual problems of older

drivers.

3 Olsen, PL, and Aoke, T, (1989) The measurement of Dark Adaption level in the presence of glare, Ann Arbor,

MI: Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, (report No. UMTRI-89-34).

4 Adams, AJ, Wong, LS, Wong, L, and Gould, B. (1988). Visual Acuity Changes with age: Some new Perspectives.

American journal of Optometry and Physiological optics. 65, 403–406.Virginia Tech Transportation

Institute (2007), Development of a Uniform discomfort/Disability glare metric for roadway lighting

5 Brabyn, J.A., & Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., & Schneck, E. (2000). Visual impairments in elderly people under

everyday viewing conditions. Journal of Visual Impairments & Blindness, 94 (12), 741–755.

6 Guirao, A., & Gonzalez, C., & Redondo, M., & Geraghty, E., & Norrby, E., & Artal, P. (1999). Average Optical

Performance of the Human Eye as a Function of Age in a Normal Population. Investigative Ophthalmology

& Visual Science, 40 (1), 203-213.

7 Ngai, P., & Boyce, P. (2000). The effect of overhead glare on visual discomfort. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering

Society, 29 (2), 29–38.

8 Owsley, C, et al. Impact of Cataract Surgery on Motor Vehicle Crash Involvement by Older Adults, JAMA

2002;288:841-849.

9 Rubin GS, Adamsons IA, Stark WJ. Comparison of acuity, contrast sensitivity, and disability glare before and

after cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:56–61.

10 Elliott DB, Bullimore MA. Assessing the reliability, discriminative ability, and validity of disability glare tests.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:108-119.

11 Kloog, Stevens, Richard, et al., Light at Night Co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the

female population of Israel, Chronobiology International 25(1): 65–81 (2008)

12 Schernhammer ES, et al. (2001) Rotating Night Shifts and the risk of Breast Cancer in the Nurse’s Health Study.

J National Cancer Institute. 93: 1563–1568

13 Schernhammer ES et al. (2006) Night Work And the risk of Breast Cancer. Epidemiology 17:108–111

14 Pauley, SM (2004) Lighting for the Human Circadian Clock: Recent Research indicates that Lighting has

become a Public Health Issue Med. Hypotheses 63:588–596

15 Hahn, RA (1991) Profound Bilateral Blindness and the incidence of Breast Cancer. Epidemiology 2:208–210

16 Feychting, M et al (1998) Reduced Cancer Incidence among the Blind Epidemiology 9:490-494

17 Brainard, GC et al, (2001) Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for novel Circadian

Photoreceptor J. Neurosci 21:6405–6412

18 Blask DE et al, (2005) Melatonin-Depleted Blood from Pre-menopausal Women exposed to light at Night

stimulates growth of human-breast cancer xenografts in nude rats Cancer Research 65:11174–11184

19 McGwin G, Chapman V, Owsley C. Visual risk factors for driving difficulty among older drivers. Accid Anal

Prev. 2000;32:735–744.

20 Elliott DB, Bullimore MA. Assessing the reliability, discriminative ability, and validity of disability glare tests.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:108–119.

21 Vos JJ. Disability glare: a state of the art report. CIE Journal. 1984;3:39–53.

22 Owsley, Cynthia et all. Visual Risk Factors for Crash Involvement in Older Drivers With Cataract, Arch Ophthalmol.

2001;119:881–887

23 Gray, Robert. Predicting the effects of Disability Glare on Driving Performance, Proceedings of the forth International

driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and vehicle Design.